Independence From The Colonial Rule - 3053 Words

their independence from the colonial rule. In this essay I am going to explain neo- colonialism, assess the current conditions of the Democratic Republic of Congo while assessing if whether or not it fits under the description of Neo- colonialism. Colonialism (old colonial regime) versus Neo- colonialism Africa with all its blessings in mineral resources has sadly been a victim of the atrocities imposed by the world towards it. It is often said that colonisation can be viewed as a process that shaped the African continent’s destiny in every way. According to Horvath (1972: 47) colonialism refers to the practice of inter group domination in which settlers migrate to the colony from the colonizing power. Colonialism in this sense can be seen as a way of exercising power unjustly, towards those who are less powerful, which in this case are the African countries. Power in this sense can be seen as a force that allows the settlers or rather the colonial powers to have the authority to claim and use land that does not belong to them for their own benefits. For Horvath (1972: 48) when it comes to the economy, colonialism can be seen as a form of exploitation, through it exploiting the resources of the colonies for their own economic advancement. Colonialism then was a harsh system that robbed Africans off their natural resources. Neo-colonialism on the other hand, is often referred to as a policy that makes use ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Colonial Rule On Women s Independence Movement1240 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced varying degrees of colonial influence. While Algeria experienced a large influx of colonists from France and experienced direct rule by the French, Tunisia was considered a French Protectorate. The impact of colonial rule has significantly shaped the post-independence politics of these countries and continue to play a role in the current political systems present in the Maghreb. Algerian national identity is heavily influenced by its history as a colonial stronghold of France and the AlgerianRead MoreThe Republic of Zimbabwe1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly known as Southern Rhodesia under British colonial rule, obtained independence in February of 1980 through free parliamentary elections, formally recognizing the country of Zimbabwe as an independent soverei gn state. The orchestrators of the revolutionary rebellion of Black Zimbabweans against minority rule were the two major African nationalist groups: Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU), lead by Robert Mugabe, and Joshua Nkomo’s Zimbabwe African People’s UnionRead MoreThe Effects of Colonization on Various African Countries Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn trying to analyze the link between colonial rule and nationalist rule, one cannot discount the influence of the past on the present. Analyzing nationalist actions and decisions without taking into account how society got to that point, and the situation of society when power was transferred would be asinine. The effects of colonization on various African countries through border setting and defining ethnic groups, the morphing of ethnic group disputes into class-based struggles, and the stuntingRead MoreEthnic Conflicts And Its Effects On Post Colonial Societies1418 Words   |  6 Pages168 colonies. By the 1 960s, after years of fighting, most Western colonial territories had gained independence. The following decades showed how much the ghost of colonisation still loomed over post-colonial societies though. Around the world today, conflict is found in many areas that were once colonised or controlled by Western European powers. The cause of many of these continuing and uncontrollable conflicts lies in past colonial policies, especially those regarding territorial boundaries, theRead MoreDecolonization - Congo1382 Words   |  6 Pagescountries and violent in others? (Before Independence) Brief historical background of colonization? (Historical Context) * What ignited calls for independence from colonial rule in __________ (your country)? A: Elections were held in rural areas(small cities) for reform and democratization of local government. 1958 was a year of vigorous political discussion at issues of society in Belgian Congo. The whole turning point of their advocacy for independence was during January 4-6 in 1959. In JanuaryRead MoreColonialism And Its Impact On Africa1206 Words   |  5 Pagescolonialism began to take effect between the 1400s and 1800s. It started when the Europeans arrived to Africa and set up trading posts. In the late 1800s and early 1900s the increase of European power took over most of the continent. The legacy of the colonial experience will influence the history of the continent. Mid 1700s to the late 1880s the Europeans increased their involvement in Africa. The reason was the resistance against slave trade. The British founded a colony of freed slaves in Sierra LeoneRead More Colonialism and Africa Essays1687 Words   |  7 Pageshave several problems ranging from corruption, to armed conflict, to stunted structural development. The effects of colonialism have been offered as a starting point for much of the analysis on African states, but the question of why African states are particularly dysfunctional needs to be examined, given the extent to which they have lagged behind other former European colonies in many aspects. In the first section, I will consider the problems with African states from the level of the state. ThatRead MoreImperialism in Burma1739 Words   |  7 PagesBurma: a country of exceptional beauty, abundant natural resources, valuable minerals, fertile soil, and one of the healthiest climates in the tropics. Britain desired these featur es, so they imperialized the whole country in 1885 and imposed colonial rule throughout Burma. Imperialism is†¦ The British benefit and hurt the country in many ways, completely changing the country forever. Western imperialism in Burma was more costly than beneficial; even though the British improved and modernized educationRead MoreThe Political Position Of Developed Western Countries847 Words   |  4 Pagesfinancial position of developed western countries. In more ways than one Thomson further proves that even before colonial rule the westernised developed countries exploited Africans, be it for their labour, draining the capital of underdeveloped states among other things. â€Å"Examining the issue of labour exploitation first, the west began to take advantage of Africans even before colonial rule was established† (Thomson, 2000: 19). To further use Thomson’s writing in order to examine the case study I willRead MoreThe Colonization Of The Middle East1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthe problems in the Middle East today are a direct result of actions undertaken in the region s colonial past. I will argue that both imperialist ineptitude, deliberate meddling and outright deceit by colonial powers have sown seeds of distrust that linger in the Middle East today towards the West. I will claim that artificial boundaries, government structures and societal schisms created in colonial times have entrenched animosities and created internal structural instabilities in the area that

Women and the Holocaust Essay example - 706 Words

Women and the Holocaust nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Jewish female is like the ovule of a flower, it spreads its seeds to create future generations. It is known that the true root of a Jewish person lies in the hands of his/her mother. As it was once said by Golda Meir, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be successful, a woman has to be much better at her job than a man.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Golda Meir Quotes par. 1). And in fact it is true, that women had to be better than man to survive the holocaust, but not only to survive the holocaust but to live on to tell the stories, and to spread Judaism. Although every Jewish person was equally a victim in the genocide of the holocaust, the Jewish women were one of the main targets. This is because the Jewish women were connected to†¦show more content†¦(Women amp; the Holocaust à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Personal Reflections par. 5). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In one case a 17 year old girl took her dirtied rag that she used to cover her head and placed it in between her legs so when the S.S. gu ard attempted to rape her he would see that she is menstruatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Women amp; the Holocaust par.7) The women would do anything they could to protect their innocence and their life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The best chance for survival was escaping through the forest. But many Jewish men and women would hide with other non-Jewish families to hide from the Nazis. In one case a German entrepreneur by the name of Oskar Schindler recruited a list of Jewish investors, business men and labor workers to run his company. He saved more than 1000 Jewish men and women from death. It was harder for women to survive than men because the strength difference and ability to do hard labor. Although women do endure a lot of pain, example: giving birth, they still lacked the male character traits of being strong and muscular. Many great women harnessed power and came forth to change the world with their experience and knowledge of racial hatred. If it was not for the women of the holocaust, the Jewish people would not have a safe haven to visit, and live, for Israel was their path and their destiny. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After the war was over many Jewish women fled Europe to start new lives inShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Holocaust2312 Words   |  10 PagesWomen in the Holocaust [pic] Introduction Our many Jewish friends and acquaintances are being taken away in droves. The Gestapo is treating them very roughly and transporting them in cattle cars to Westerbork, the big camp in Drenthe to which theyre sending all the Jews....If its that bad in Holland, what must it be like in those faraway and uncivilized places where the Germans are sending them? We assume that most of them are being murdered. The English radio says theyre being gassedRead MoreWomen s Experiences During The Holocaust898 Words   |  4 PagesWhile women’s experiences during the Holocaust were not entirely different from those of men, it would be false and misleading to assert that they were identical. There were many instances in which an individual’s ordeal was shaped by his or her gender and it is only by understanding what was unique to women and children, and what was unique to men, that we can provide a complete account of what occurred during the Holocaust. One of the reasons it took so long for historians to comprehend the importanceRead MoreGendered Hatred in the Treatment of Women During the Holocaust 2125 Words   |  9 PagesThe Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, is most famous for the mass murder of Jewish people that took place under the Nazi regime, between January 30th, 1933, and May 8th, 1945. . ‘Holocaust’ is a word of Greek origin meaning sacrifice by fire. During the time of the Second World War, the Nazis had murdered approximately six million Jews. The Nazi regime had targeted all Jews – men, women, and children for persecution and ultimately death. The Holocaust occurred because the Nazis believed that manyRead MoreWhy Women During The World War And The Holocaust3201 Words   |  13 PagesWhy women? In 1933, Germans began their discrimination against the Jews; men, women, homosexuals, and children alike. Many testimonies, memoirs and historical documents hold the facts of the damage the Nazis inflicted, the amount of Jews tha t suffered and died, and the lives it changed all around the world. But female victims have their own unique story to tell through a different lens that brings about a whole new horror of its own. It underlines the strength that women hold that marks them as trueRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Most Inexplicable And Heinous Periods Of Modern Human History1450 Words   |  6 Pages The Holocaust is one of the most inexplicable and heinous periods of modern human history. Historians have spent years trying to understand why the perpetrators did what they did, and why the victims reacted in the ways that they did. For those who experienced it, the Holocaust was a time when very little made sense and lives were turned upside down and left looking nothing like they previously did. Despite studying the event for years, survivors and historians are still left bewildered at how suchRead MoreHolocaust Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesLife during the Holocaust The Holocaust was a horrible event and had many tragedies and losses of family and friends. This event starts in 1933 where Hitler rises to power, and ends in 1945 where Hitler is defeated and the holocaust has ended. There are many topics about the holocaust that people would want to know, but this topic is a crucial and important one. The topic is Life during the Holocaust where we learn about how Jewish people live during the holocaust and what happened to them in theRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Traumatic Event Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust was a very traumatic event in history. Every year in school from about middle school onward students learn specifically about Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party’s cruel treatment of the Jewish culture and people during World War II. The same general knowledge is given to us from middle school up until the ending our high school history careers. We are taught to believe that Adolf Hitler was a corrupt man, who sought control o f Germany in the 1930’s. Even though we are given backgroundRead MoreUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again1025 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again The human tragedy of the Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of millions of Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II. The adversity of this persecution influenced not only the European arena, but also peoples from all over the globe and their ideas. The impact caused by this ethnic cleansing was enormous. Peoples lives were drastically changed as they were persecuted and tortured. Families were taken out of their homes andRead MoreKristallnacht Reflection987 Words   |  4 Pages The Holocaust was a horrific time period. It all started around 1933 when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler used the Nuremberg Race Laws to deprive the Jews of their German citizenship. Kristallnacht, which is a government-organized pogrom against Jews in Germany was the start of the mistreatment of Jews in their homes and synagogues. Holocaust survivors like Elie Wiesel shared their stories to provide more insight into what actually happened during this time. Elie Wiesel was 15Read MoreAn Indian Crisis1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbecame other humans. This became increasingly apparent after World War II and arguably the largest crime against humanity, the Holocaust. Humans created a set of rules to protect themselves and fellow humans f rom the crime committed from 1933 to 1945. The United Nations created a set of rights which all humans are born with to prevent a crime as atrocious as the Holocaust from ever occurring again. Sadly, this document has failed to prevent the brutal killing of infant girls in India. This merciless

HIV POSITIVE PARENTS SHOULD NOT HAVE CHILDREN Essay Example For Students

HIV POSITIVE PARENTS SHOULD NOT HAVE CHILDREN Essay HIV POSITIVE PARENTS SHOULD NOT HAVE CHILDRENHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, better known as HIV, is a virus that slowly attacks and destroys the immune system. This destruction leaves the infected individual exposed to illnesses and infections that eventually cause him to die. In most cases, this virus alters and becomes a fatal transmissible disorder called AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV positive couples should not have children because the children can become orphans at an early age, thereby possibly being a burden to taxpayers; furthermore, if the children are infected with this disease, they can suffer physically, socially, and psychologically. Now, as we approach the year 2000, the idea of HIV positive couples wanting to have children has created more controversy. HIV couples want children in their lives so they can feel that they have a normal life and a normal family. This idea is a problem because the couples do no want to accept the fact that they have a fatal, transmissible disease, which can affect or can harm the child in many ways. A child whose parents have the Human Immunodeficiency Virus may suffer physically from inheriting the genes and being infected by HIV. A person cannot tell if someone has the virus or not by looking. It can only be discovered through the blood HIV test. People with HIV have to protect themselves in relationships with other persons so that other people would not be infected. The virus can affect the body by attacking and destroying the immune system. With a weak immune system, the body cannot defend itself against diseases.The child with HIV cannot be as active as other children. In time, the body will become vulnerable to the infections, which will lead to brain damage, muscle damage and will affect the IQ scores. Finally, the virus will cause death. Many would argue that a child with HIV infected parents would not be influenced by the society. The truth is that the childs life is going to be affected socially and psychologically. Once the child starts feeling the symptoms of his disease, he will not be able to go to the same places and do the same things as his friends; therefore, his social life will change. In addition, the child will feel discrimination from other children in school and from the parents of those children. This discrimination can cause a permanent damage in a childs life. Lamentably, people are very judgmental and can discriminate against a person to a point where a child can feel very worthless, or inversely take a rebellious behavior and perform a terrible act. Another problem that the children of HIV positive parents might face is the death o f their parents. HIV positive couples want children so they can satisfy their needs by not being alone, but they are not thinking about the terrible suffering that the child is going to experience after they die. In a recent PEDIATRICS magazine article, the committee on Pediatric AIDS informed that it is expected that by the end of the century, 80 000 children and adolescents in the United States will be orphaned by parental death caused by human immunodeficiency virus infection. Once the children know that their parents are infected with this fatal disease, they start thinking about what is it going to be like when the parents are not there, and how it is going to be by themselves; furthermore, when the parents actually die, the life of the child changes completely. It is very hard for a child to accept the death of their parents. In addition, it is harder for a child to stay alone. HIV couples want children in their lives so they can feel that they have a normal life and a normal family. This idea is a problem because the couples do no want to accept the fact that they have a fatal, transmissible disease, which can affect or can harm the child in many ways. A child whose parents have the Human Immunodeficiency Virus may suffer physically from inheriting the genes and being infected by HIV. A person cannot tell if someone has the virus or not by looking. It can only be discovered through the blood HIV test. People with HIV have to protect themselves in relationships with other persons so that other people would not be infected. The virus can affect the body by attacking and destroying the immune system. With a weak immune system, the body cannot defend itself against diseases. The child with HIV cannot be as active as other children. In time, the body will become vulnerable to the infections, which will lead to brain damage, muscle damage and will affect the IQ scores. Finally, the virus will cause death. Many would argue that a child with HIV infected parents would not be influenced by the society. The truth is that the childs life is going to be affected socially and psychologically. Once the child starts feeling the symptoms of his disease, he will not be able to go to the same places and do the same things as his friends; therefore, his social life will change. In addition, the child will feel discrimination from other children in school and from the parents of those children. This discrimination can cause a permanent damage in a childs life. Lamentably, people are very judgmental and can discriminate against a person to a point where a child can feel very worthless, or inversely take a rebellious behavior and perform a terrible act. Another problem that the children of HIV positive parents might face is the death of their parents. HIV positive couples want children so they can satisfy their needs by not being alone, but they are not thinking about the terrible suffering that the child is going to experience after they die. In a recent PEDIATRICS magazine article, the committee on Pediatric AIDS informed that it is expected that by the end of the century, 80 000 children and adolescents in the United States will be orphaned by parental death caused by human immunodeficiency virus infection. Once the children know that their parents are infected with this fatal disease, they start thinking about what is it going to be like when the parents are not there, and how it is going to be by themselves; furthermore, when the parents actually die, the life of the child changes completely. It is very hard for a child to accept the death of their parents. In addition, it is harder for a child to stay alone. Some may argue that because parental death is part of life, where a child should live after this episode should not be an issue. .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 , .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .postImageUrl , .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 , .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488:hover , .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488:visited , .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488:active { border:0!important; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488:active , .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488 .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u36dbb4600722d46018ec32c1de1ef488:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Three Plans For Reconstruction Essay It is very important that a child who is left orphaned by parental death receives a stable home, a steady environment that provides love and encouragement, and, most important of all, the medical and social involvement necessary to deal with the terrible loss. Most of the time, these children do not have other family or relatives, so they have to move with foster parents who can assist with .

Somewhere I have never travelled Essay Example

Somewhere I have never travelled Essay Somewhere I have never traveled, gladly beyond This poem really hit home for me. Not only is it beautiful, and meaningful but it also gives you room to interpret it in different ways. E. E Cummings, the way he starts out, saying he has gone too place he has never been before and hes happy. He uses so many metaphors and allegories. Although the poem seems to be saying he has actually gone somewhere, it is not literal. He is saying too new state of mind. He has reared himself from love, and now that he let love him he is happier than he can explain. Cummings wrote this poem so fabulously. His vague but heavy details make this poem what it is. He gives you a little, that goes a LONG way. I feel like he was very effective in the simplicity. The words arent too complicated where you dont enjoy reading the poem because youre totally lost. It was amazing how he compared this feeling to things we might not necessarily have first hand experience with, but we knew what he was trying to say. We will write a custom essay sample on Somewhere I have never travelled specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Somewhere I have never travelled specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Somewhere I have never travelled specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If you can get through to your audience even while being so metaphorical the level of your writing Is phenomenal. I am going to skip the part of this writing where I explain what I think was ineffective about the piece of work. I think it was written so beautifully, and who am l, a college student In Freshman English class, to Judge someone of such talent. This might be my favorite poem of all time. It Is Just so Intense and romantic. It makes you fall in love with someone you dont even know. I have never been In love and thats what draws me to this poem. It Is that yearning, that feeling of needing someone. Or even the feeling of caring for someone so much that youre lost without him or her. The fact that another human being can manipulate you, open and close you, make you laugh and cry, Is fascinating. As fast as you open up to that one person, Is as fast as you can build up wall, throw up your guards, and pull yourself away from their love as well. This poem Is amazing In so many different ways. Even while being so metaphorical the level of your writing is phenomenal. I am going piece of work. I think it was written so beautifully, and who am l, a college student in This might be my favorite poem of all time. It is Just so intense and romantic. It makes you fall in love with someone you dont even know. I have never been in love and thats what draws me to this poem. It is that yearning, that feeling of needing you, make you laugh and cry, is fascinating. As fast as you open up to that one person, is as fast as you can build up wall, throw up your guards, and pull yourself away from their love as well. This poem is amazing in so many different ways.

Coordination of Conjunctions and Punctuation

Coordination of Conjunctions and Punctuation Coordination of Conjunctions and Punctuation Coordination of Conjunctions and Punctuation By Mark Nichol When a conjunction is inserted into a sentence to separate two cumulative elements of the sentence, where commas, if any, are correctly positioned depends on the syntactical structure of the sentence regardless of whether a parenthetical phrase complicates the sentence. In each sentence with parenthesis below, the punctuation is not appropriate for the syntax. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and a revision provides a solution. 1. That debate could place everything on the table and, for that reason, significant tax reform in 2017 may prove challenging to achieve. This sentence consists of two independent clauses interrupted by the modifying phrase â€Å"for that reason† (which introduces the second clause). Without that phrase, the sentence would read, â€Å"That debate could place everything on the table, and significant tax reform in 2017 may prove challenging to achieve.† In the original sentence, â€Å"for that reason† is treated as a parenthetical phrase and is therefore bracketed by commas, but it is an introductory phrase, and so only the following comma is necessary: â€Å"That debate could place everything on the table, and for that reason, significant tax reform in 2017 may prove challenging to achieve.† 2. The business recently acted on the recommendation, and early on in its transformation process, has already generated valuable time and money-saving efficiencies. Here, the second part of the sentence shares the subject â€Å"the business,† so that section of the sentence is not an independent clause. The root sentence is â€Å"The business recently acted on the recommendation and has already generated valuable time and money-saving efficiencies.† Therefore, the punctuation should frame the parenthesis: â€Å"The business recently acted on the recommendation and, early on in its transformation process, has already generated valuable time and money-saving efficiencies.† 3. We observed several cases in which models were built solely based on a quantitative approach, and, as a result, generated poor model fit and model performance. This example has the same syntactical structure as the previous one but includes both a comma intended to separate independent clauses and a pair of commas to set off the parenthetical. However, the part of the sentence following the parenthetical is not an independent clause, so the first comma is an error: â€Å"We observed several cases in which models were built solely based on a quantitative approach and, as a result, generated poor model fit and model performance.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?Advance vs. Advanced

Use the USE Command in MySQL to Switch Databases

Use the USE Command in MySQL to Switch Databases Creating a database in MySQL doesnt select it for use. You have to indicate it with the USE command. The USE command is also used when you have more than one database on a MySQL server and need to switch between them. You must choose the correct database each time you start a MySQL session.   The USE Command in MySQL The syntax for the USE command is: mysql  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ For example, this code  switches to the database named Dresses. mysql  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ After you select a database, it remains the default until you end the session or choose another database with the USE command. Identifying the Current Database If you are unsure which database is currently in use, use the following code: This code returns the name of the database currently in use. If no database is currently in use, it returns NULL. To view a list of available databases, use: About MySQL MySQL is an open-source relational database management system that is most often associated with web-based applications. It is the database software of choice for many of the webs largest sites including Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. It is also the most popular database management  system for small and medium-sized websites. Almost every commercial web host offers  MySQL services. If you are just using MySQL on a website, you wont need to be involved with the coding- the web host will handle all that- but if you are a developer new to MySQL, youll need to learn SQL to write programs that access MySQL.

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions - Essay Example In this way, firms of different sizes could be compared on an equal footing. For example, COGS of firm A may be greater than that of firm B. But its sales may be higher too. Q6. The dates on financial statements are important because they indicate the period in which profits or losses accrue and cash flows occur, as well as the financial status of the company as at a date. Q7. The income statement presents the incomes or revenues and expenses or costs of the firm incurred during a period, regardless of paid or not, to arrive at the profit or loss. On the other hand, the cash flow statement of the firm presents the revenues or costs received or paid during a period, regardless of incurred or not, to arrive at the cash outflow or cash inflow. The balance sheet captures the financial snapshot of the firm as at a particular point in time. The profit or loss on the income statement enters the retained earnings account, which is under shareholder's equity in the balance sheet. The cash inflow or cash outflow from the cash flow statement is added to or subtracted from the beginning cash balance to arrive at the ending cash balance, which is under current assets in the balance sheet. Q5.

Advanced Information Systems Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Information Systems Management - Essay Example 253). A Customer Relationship Management System (CRM) is a form of information system which involves the application of various hardware and software applications for effective management of information and data on clients or customers with a view of achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. This essay gives a critical analysis and discussion of the value that CRM systems within government owned organization in the UK public sector. The essay includes concepts of contemporary application of information systems in the public sector. More specifically the essay illustrates knowledge management through decision support and application of expert systems in data mining. Customer Relationship Management System (CRM) In accordance to Shanks, Jagielska and Jayaganesh (2009, p. 263), CRM is an information system based business strategy which is designed to help users to achieve an understanding the needs of customers. The CRM also helps in anticipating customer needs and applyin g technological application to manage them with a view of meeting the expectations of customers (Ku, 2010, p. 1087). The implementation or application of CRM involves processes of interaction among people, technology and business processes. Therefore it is through the adoption and application of CRM that effective integration of core processes of customer service, sales and marketing is achieved (Khodakarami and Chan, 2011, p. 256). It is apparent that CRM is a contemporary phenomenon which has been employed within the public sector. This technology is therefore replacing the orthodoxy and less efficient approaches which were employed by government organizations in delivery of services to the public (Wilson, Daniel and McDonald, 2002, p. 195). Figure 1: CRM Value of CRM within Government Organizations in the UK Stjepanovic (2010, p. 273) argues that the value of CRM to a government organization is basically the efficiency which characterizes the use of information system. For exampl e the use of database management systems and application within a CRM framework leads to speedy retrieval and presentation of data and information to clients when they need it. Within a government organization, customer service involves retrieval and presentation of data to customers upon request. This information or data is often retrieved from government databases through the process of data mining (Wilson, Daniel and McDonald, 2002, p. 198). If for instance a customer requests for data on taxation, salaries or benefits, the government owned organizations are mandated to provide it immediately. Nonetheless, the efficiency of data mining and presentation data to the client or customer depends on the level of expertise, skills and knowledge that a government employee has (Stjepanovic, 2010, p. 276). The skills that are required include the use of various software applications within the CRM system such as Microsoft Word Excel and database management applications. Shanks, Jagielska a nd Jayaganesh (2009, p. 264) point out that CRM is valuable to a government organization because it reduces the costs that are associated with business activities or office processes. Within the UK and the EU in general, government organizations are increasingly competing for public funds or government funding. Because of this, many organizations require to reduce the costs of operations in order to achieve effective utilization of the resources available to them. Technology reduces costs

Time immemorial Essay Example for Free

Time immemorial Essay In so many premises, we use and hear the phrase, â€Å"from time immemorial † This ideas somehow reveals that time is something which gives an event a basis before it can be said it has taken into place. But along with the passage of the so called â€Å"time† many sages have still never ended their different theses about the existence of time. Is time real? Can time exist even when nothing happens? Aristotle who was the very first philosopher to start the quest about time attached time to the movement of â€Å"objects† from before to after. He maintained the time was divisible and infinite and that it was necessary to measure motion. His idea on the existence of time was supported by Newton’s theory that time and God really exist and that every physical thing is kept in a container of infinite size and that â€Å"time is something that passes uniformly without regard to whatever happens in the world†. Augustine’s insinuation that â€Å"all is at once in the present and that what is seen now do not exist yet but it must in the future only implies that time is a matter of simultaneity and exist within a space. He asserts that we can say that time is long only because it constitutes successive movements. On the other hand, Einstein purports that time is but a virtual entity, a fourth dimension which cannot be grasped but just experienced. This conception is what Kant also claims, that â€Å"time is only a form of human inner sense that enables us to understand space and objects† and therefore time is not â€Å"real,† but only a mental experience that enables us to understand the real world around us. Therefore, time, which is measured by physical time (clock) empirically exists but transcendentally real. â€Å"It is but a human intuition of measuring changes that take place in a certain space. † It is something which we experience, for events are within the context of time. Even if something happens or not, still time elapses because it encompasses events and change, from before to after, from past to present, and from the perceived to its realization. Woks Cited: Johnson, Zachary. (Apri 28, 1999). Kant. Retrived May 4, 2008 from http://www.afn.org/~afn31396/Kant_essay.html

Reaction Rate Investigation :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Reaction Rate Investigation Planning I am trying to work out the rate of reaction between marble chips (calcium carbonate) and Hydrochloric acid. This will be my plan of how to carry out my investigation. There are many factors, which I could change in this experiment. These are 1) Concentration. An increase in concentration means there are more particles. More particles means there will be more collisions. 2) Surface Area. Breaking the solid into smaller pieces will increase the surface area exposed to the other reactant. 3) Temperature. Increasing the temperature will cause the particles to move faster. When particles move faster, more collisions occur and the collisions are more violent. This should increase the reaction rate. All of these factors will affect the reaction rate, but I have decided to change the concentration of Hydrochloric acid. This will determine the rate of reaction by measuring the amount of Carbon Dioxide given off. As I will only change one factor, I will have to keep other factors constant. These will be: - 1) The temperature 2) The size of the marble chip 3) The same apparatus will be used throughout the experiment I predict that as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases and it becomes more concentrated, the more Carbon Dioxide will be given off. As the concentration increases the chip will fizz more violently. When the concentration has been doubled, the reaction will have doubled. The reaction rate can be increased if the concentration of the reactant is raised. As there are more particles to react with in a higher concentration of acid, the chance of an effective collision goes up. I have performed similar experiments and have acquired this equation: Calcium + Hydrochloric Calcium + Carbon + Water =============================================== Carbonate Acid Chloride Dioxide The reaction rate is also known as the collision theory. This is when successfully 2 particles collide with each other and give off a successful product. This is as shown below: For my experiment I will use 5 different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. These are: 0.5M 1M 1.5M 2M 2.

Lu Theology 201 Quiz 5 Study Guid

QUIZ 5 STUDY GUIDE Towns: Chapter IV What is foretelling? prophesying, predicting future events p 182 What is forthtelling? a preacher to people Why is it essential that Christ was born of a virgin? he would no be able to save himself because he would not be a sinless savior p 185; to have parents without a sin nature What was Christ’s threefold office? prophet, priest, king p 180 What is the incarnation? â€Å"the word became flesh and dwelt among us† p 191; god took on human flesh p 191 What does the act of the kenosis as stated in Philippians 2 mean? ade himself of no reputation; emptied himself; veiling his glory, accepting the limitations of human nature; voluntarily giving up the independent use of his comparative attributes p 191 â€Å"christ surrendered no attribute of deity but that he did voluntarily restrict their independent use in keeping with his purpose of living among men and their limitations p 192 What is hypostatic union? jesus is both god and man, the union of two distinct natures in one person, jesus christ the god man p 197-198 What does â€Å"temptability† mean? enerally understood as the enticement of a person to commit sin by offering some seeming enticement p 208 to have an appeal What does â€Å"impeccability† mean? christ could not and did not sin p 209 What is vicarious suffering? suffering endured by one person in the stead of another p 215 What is a vicar? a substitute, one who takes the place of the other and acts in his stead p 215 What does â€Å"redemption† mean? to be freed p 220 to buy back p 219 What does â€Å"propitiation† mean? the turning away of wrath by an offering p 220How is every person a sinner on three counts? guilty of personal sin, imputed sin, sin nature p 224 What is the difference between judicial guilt and personal guilt? judicial: non experiential condition of the sinner who stands guilty before god (born in sin , has sin nature, personally commits sin); personal: experiential, how a sinner feels convicted of sins p 225 What theory taught that Christ did not really die on the cross but that the soldiers just thought he did? swoon theory p 233 Know the 12 proofs of the resurrection. p 236What is the biblical definition of death? separation of a person's body and spirit p 239 True or False Christ was not God when he was on earth. false Without the shedding of blood, there is no payment for sins. true The law is a unit; to break one is to break all. true Man is not reconciled to God through the blood of Christ; rather, the blood is a metaphor for the moral and noble life we should live. False The disciples were surprised at Christ’s resurrection. True At the resurrection, Christ’s body and spirit were reunited. True

What are the main features of child directed speech and how does it help language acquisition?

The language traits that characterise child-directed speech tend to facilitate the acquisition of language. Children start their lives without language and are faced with the challenge of emerging into a world in which they cannot effectively communicate. From the time a child is born, however, they will begin to associate what happens around them with meaning. As time passes, they will begin to associate unknown verbal forms to known meanings. Parents show a unique type of speaking that is referred to as child-directed speech, motherese, or, more commonly, baby talk for example â€Å"moo-cow†.This speech has many unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult-directed speech. One feature of child language acquisition is that children master language by making mistakes until they fully acquire the skills. This ‘trial and error’ approach shows that learning is taking place, however, phonological development seems also to depend on physical ability to produce sounds. Some phonological errors used by children are deletion in words such as â€Å"do(g)† and â€Å"cu(p)†. Although some add on extra vowels, for example â€Å"doggie†.A lot of young children change one consonant or vowel for another, known as an assimilation such as â€Å"gog† instead of â€Å"dog†. These errors show that as a child learns a word is substitutes the sound of a letter for a different one. In phonology there are a variety of features used by parents for language acquisition such as higher pitch in the parents voice, a greater range of frequencies in the tone, a slower speed of speech, clearer enunciation, emphasis on one or two words in a sentence, and special pronunciations of individual words.This is more common from the mothers as it comes naturally to them and is done in order to allow infants time to process the information being conveyed to them. Rhythm is also emphasized when talking to a child and is used closely with th e emphasis of various syllables. One children can produce sounds effectively they can use these skills to form real words that others can recognize. Proto-words have meaning for the child and the parents so a child needs to acquire the vocabulary that will help them be understood by a wider audience. Also achild needs to learn the meanings of words in order to link objects and ideas. The rate of lexical development in children at 12 months is that they know 50 words which increase to 2,000 at 36 months which shows that language is aquired in the early stages. Parents also tend to use some lexical features in speech such as â€Å"mama† and â€Å"dada† to encourage the child to start speaking, as these words are usually the first two the child says in their early months. As the child starts to progress, the parent uses diminutives like â€Å"doggy†, â€Å"kitty†, â€Å"potty† for the child to understand easily.Children can link a word and the referen t easily as they can usually see it, or see a visual representation in a book. The social and interactive nature of many words also indicate the importance of interacting with others, suggesting that pragmatic awareness is vital to language development. The reduplicative such as â€Å"quack quack† and diminutives like â€Å"mummy† show the bridge between phonological and lexical development. Child directed speech features a unique syntax. Parents usually use short utterances rather than full sentence structures in order to convey meaning to their child.They are often repeated so children have practice in a particular concept. Child directed speech helps infants to detect syntactic boundaries and makes linguistic patterns easier to recognize. Children begin to understand word order through child directed speech which slowly expands into a deeper understanding of sentence structure. However, communicating with children can be difficult if you can’t maintain their attention, so you need to talk about a topic that interests them.For example if you are washing them you could talk about all the different body parts whilst washing them, if they splash talk about the splash. Ask a lot of questions and let them reply as this speeds the acquisition of verbal auxiliaries by the child. Parents should use lots of names for things and many words for actions as they play an important role in later language development. Conversations with children are mostly about the present, here-and-now, rather than topics pertaining to another time, past or future.Regarding grammar, in the first three or four years there is not much point in correcting them as it will just confuse them and may do harm to their confidence and self-esteem. It is best to let the child correct themselves spontaneously when they are ready. However you could drop hints to help them out in correcting what they are saying. In order to relate to a child during â€Å"baby talk†, a parent may deliberately fabricate some words, and may pepper the speech of non verbal utterances. The parents might refer only to objects and events in the immediate surrounding area, and will often repeat the child’s utterances back to them.Children employ a wide variety of phonological simplifications, usually assimilation or reduplication, in learning speech, where the child seizes on a stressed syllable, and repeats it to form a word. Within the context of normal conversation with their children caregivers use a variety of techniques to encourage the continuance of that conversation. Repetition is one of the most frequently used methods of prolonging conversation, as well as one of the particular traits of child-directed speech.Frequently heard words for objects will be better remembered and better articulated than other words once the child begins to develop a productive vocabulary of real words. The more times a child hears a sentence clearly modeled, the more that child†™s language learning is facilitated. The expand and recast technique serves as an alternative to repetition, and, is a method parents often use as it gives children new ideas and helps with the formation of grammar, as well as prolonging the conversation by recasting the prior topic into a new form.Turn-taking is another technique used in child-directed speech. Used early in the child’s development, turn-taking provides infants with the opportunity of learning the structure of conversations. The parents use cues such as exaggerated pauses to help infants learn to take their turns. Routines of turn-taking also serve other functions in linguistic development. Babies gain experience in vocalizing, and participate in situations in which that vocalizing becomes more language-like.

Finding Nemo Essay Example

Finding Nemo Essay Example Finding Nemo Paper Finding Nemo Paper In his journey Memo learns not to lack self confidence because he has disability swimming with a tiny fin, and how much his fathers advice and protection really is a value to his life. Even with the deep message the movie was very funny and compelling. The movie takes place in the ocean near Australia. The graphic in this movie really makes the screen look kind of like a fish tank. Marlin, Memos father, is over protective of his son because his wife and all of Memos siblings were killed by a shark when Memo was Just an egg. On Memos first day of school he Is anxious to get out and explore the ocean and have some independence from his overprotective father. In his attempt to prove to his father he can go out In the ocean alone, and to prove to his classmates that he Is Just as good a swimmer as they are, despite his one tiny fin he swims out to a boat. HIS father yells for him to come back but Memo gets fished out of the water by the people on the boat. In Marlins quest to find his son he meets Dory, a fish with short term memory. She explained herself by saying, l suffer from short term memory loss. : It runs in my family At least I think it does Where are they? They run into sharks and many obstacles while making the trip to Sydney. The movie made Marlin get over his fear of sharks in a comical way, by having Marlin and Dory chased down by a shark and then brought to a support group for sharks. Marlin and Dory were so busy only knowing that sharks eat fish that they didnt realize that all these sharks wanted were to be rehabilitated. Ironically, when they meet them they were very shocked to see the sharks In unison say, l am a nice shark, not a mindless eating machine. If I am to change this Image, I must first change myself. Fish are friends, not food which they said at their weekly meeting. Memo, meanwhile, is put in a fish tank of a dentist is Sidney where he meets the world of pet flash, and realizes he desperately wants to go back to the ocean with his father. Memo meets a new world full of weird different fish who only know the life in a tank. Memo convinces them to help him find his father, but he must first Join their club. His initiation was to swim through a ring of bubbles they call The Ring of Fire, which he did. However, Memo comes up with a plan; the pet fish then get out of the fish tank and make it to the ocean where they are finally free. Meanwhile, Marlin becomes stressed trying to find Memo and starts to give up and tells Dory to leave him alone. Therefore, Dory leaves and Ironically after being pushed away becomes the hero by accidentally finding Memo soon after their argument. The best character In the film was the turtle. The film associated the ocean to the free outside life, and the fish tank to a mental hospital. The turtles themselves were funny but so was Dory. The fish in the tank had unusual habits, like being afraid AT ten tank decoration meal Witt tenet aisle to De In ten ocean Tanat resulted In failed attempts which gave the film its laughter. Dorys character because of her short term memory would sometimes be ditsy making the stressed out scenes with Marlin less tense and more comical. Impulsively almost, Dory quotes Uh The sea monkeys have my money Yes, Im a natural blue Stating to herself in a dreamy state. There was no worst scene for this movie because it kept you entertained all the way through with either suspenseful shark chases or run-ins with Jelly fish, to the comedic remarks of Dory, and the fish in the tank. The movie, all in all, had great graphics and comedy for all ages. The realism makes the film more appealing to the eye and the comedians who serve as voices for the characters do not disappoint even with it being a kids film. The only down fall to the movie was the sad part where Memos mother dies and when father and son are separated. It is a movie that any kid can relate to that is self conscious, and needs to be brave no matter what happens. Its light hearted commentary keeps you amused all 101 minutes. While Kevin Carr says it is a good film, however, that it does open with Marlins wife and 400 eggs being devoured off screen by a barracuda- isnt exactly the most up lifting moment in a Disney film, (Kevin Carr Paragraph 2) well I oppose. I sense that the film had a great beginning appropriate for any audience to become psychologically involved with the film. Kevin Carr also verbalizes, Albert Brooks, who plays the stock character of a neurotic father, does a decent Job as the voice of Marlin. However, by the end of the film, he gets rather annoying by the end of the movie, (Kevin Carr Paragraph 4). They only character that I found to become quite annoying was Dory. Marlin being a good father Just wanted to get his son back. Kevin Carr also mentions that there was so much detail in the movie under water that it didnt make the film seem real to him, since it was so noticeable how the blurred some things and focused other parts throughout the movie.

Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds If you know the chemical formula of a compound, you can predict whether it contains ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or a mixture of bond types. Nonmetals bond to each other via covalent bonds while oppositely charged ions, such as metals and nonmetals, form ionic bonds. Compounds which contain polyatomic ions may have both ionic and covalent bonds. Identifying Bond Types But, how do you know if a compound is ionic or covalent just by looking at a sample? This is where the properties of ionic and covalent compounds can be useful. Because there are exceptions, you need to look at several properties to determine whether a sample is ionic or covalent, but here are some characteristics to consider: Most crystals are ionic compounds. This is because the ions in these compounds tend to stack into crystal lattices to balance between the attractive forces between opposite ions and the repulsive forces between like ions. Covalent or molecular compounds can exist as crystals, though. Examples include sugar crystals and diamond.Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points than covalent compounds.Ionic compounds tend to be hard and brittle while covalent compounds tend to be softer and more flexible.Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water while covalent compounds typically dont. This is because covalent compounds dissolve into molecules while ionic compounds dissolve into ions, which can conduct charge.

Psychology - organization and motivation Assignment

Psychology - organization and motivation - Assignment Example This downward flow of communication is used to let the workers understand their individual functions, to give and clarify instructions, and to give advices on how they can be most effective in their individual roles. It is also used to provide feedbacks on individual performances which can greatly help boost an employee’s determination to strive for perfection. On the other hand, employees also have an upward flow of communication where they can reach their managers, superiors and bosses. Through this communication flow, the workers provide a picture of how well the organization functions. It is where employees channel sentiments to their supervisors and employers. Their higher-ups in return take actions in resolving and improving these needs. Upward communication also shows how well the workforce understood the downward communication. It is a communication where the employee, managers, supervisors, and employers have an exchange of ideas and have a chance to contribute in making decisions. Having these forms of communication produces a more established workforce who is committed in doing their jobs. It is where a great employer- employee relationship is forged. Disregard any part of this two way communication and it will produce disasters. The organization will absolutely fail. It can result to an organization deviating from its goal and purpose, incompetent workers, unemployment, bankruptcy, and even death. In response to my peers’ responses, I would agree with both of them. For Kenneth, limited communication suffocates creative thoughts when the ability of subordinates to express themselves is taken away from them. This is true since it will make an employee feel unimportance and alienated. It is also true that lack of communication takes precious time, money and resources. On the point where bosses usually tells their managers what needs to be done, managers should have the ability to facilitate the ways and means to achieve that goal and

Marketing Principles of National Basketball Association (NBA) Essay

Marketing Principles of National Basketball Association (NBA) - Essay Example The major competitor of NBA is MLB (Major League Baseball). MLB constitutes one of the major professional sports league in North America. The attendance in stadium and the revenue hence generated is higher in MLB than in case of NBA. But the noticeable star players are much more in NBA than in MLB. The national imaginations are not captured by MLB personalities. But NBA players are well known even outside the basketball circles. There are not any major differences in the national TV ratings of both leagues. Most of the money is generated through local sports TV networks. Basketball is decidedly spry while Baseball is decidedly gray according to the analysis of TV audience. Both the leagues have lost audience however since the 90s. The demography has a major role to play in the competition in the two leagues. Generally the NBA is followed more by Younger people as opposed to MLB. The marketing strategies and their impact on audience are more effective in case of NBA than that of MLB. (MLP, n.d.) Importan

The Beveridge Report of 1942 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Beveridge Report of 1942 - Essay Example These payments were recommended to be used to pay benefits to the poor and unemployed. In this way, the Beveridge Report argued for a universal welfare system where the care of people will be the responsibility of the state. Such a welfare system was never suggested before in the country and therefore this particular recommendation holds great value in history. In the Beveridge Report, it was also recommended that revolutionary measures were required to solve problems that were in front of the country. The report also called for an end to â€Å"sectional interests† (Beveridge Report Executive Summary, 1942, 7) and argued for a system that treated everyone equally. The report recommended that it was time to grow past philosophy of inequality and to treat everyone equally. This was another ponderous recommendation of the Beveridge Report. The report also called for a health care system of a public nature that will offer free health service to all the citizens of the country (BBC, 1942). This was also a unique recommendation given in the report. Such a system had never been proposed by anyone in the country before. Another important recommendation of the Beveridge Report was that there should be a balance between the role of state and the individual citizen. The report made it clear that it was not arguing in favor of communism as it acknowledged the right of an individual to earn more than that is required for him and his family (Beveridge Report Executive Summary, 1942, 9). This was another important recommendation that differentiated the reforms suggested from communist ideas. A person was free to live an economic life but had an obligation towards the state in the form of insurance payments and other payments, in the return of which state promised free health care, unemployment, and other necessary benefits.

Marketing Strategies to Counteract Recession in Hotels

Marketing Strategies to Counteract Recession in Hotels What marketing strategy is best used to counteract the effects of a potential recession on the four star hotel industry in the UK economy? Contents (Jump to) Background and Research Aims Literature Review Proposed Methodology Research Strategy and Resources Required References Background and Research Aim Financial Management (2008) reported that, at a recent CIMA forum for financial directors in the UK, the majority of the delegates believed that the global economic crisis has had far reaching impacts, and will most likely cause a recession in the UK in the near future. This is a view which it widely matched by Campaign (2008), which argues that the coming economic downturn is likely to have adverse impacts on all industries in the UK as consumers, and hence businesses, reduce their spending. However, this article does not advocate that businesses simply give up on attracting new custom, arguing that the businesses with the most successful and creative marketing strategies are likely to be the ones who not only survive any potential recession, but also benefit from it. As such, it is clear that there are two main potential strategies for hotels as the economy begins to contract. They can either choose to contract their operations, focusing on operational efficiency and aiming to cut costs wherever possible, or they can look to use the recession as an opportunity to increase their competitiveness over and above their rivals. This can be achieved via a focus on improved efficiency, costs, quality, or general marketing. However, the argument of Campaign (2008) above tends to indicate that marketing is the main method by which hotels, and businesses in general, can differentiate themselves and maintain revenue and market share in the face of a recession. Both of these strategies are equally valid, however this piece will aim to focus on the more positive of the two: the use of a marketing strategy to counteract the effects of a recession on the UK hotel industry. The hotel industry in the UK is very broad, ranging from the cheap and basic one and two star hotels, up to the extremely luxurious five star offerings which grace many major destinations. However, the majority of attention tends to focus on these two ends of the spectrum, with little thought being given to strategic development and planning for the mid range hotels such as four star offerings. As such, this piece will concentrate specifically on the four star segment, in order to determine what factors drive consumer demand and business success in this segment, and how these factors can be used to develop a marketing strategy to help four star hotels in the UK handle the impact of a recession. Literature Review Many hotels have already started planning for a recession, particularly in the United States, where the economy is in a more advanced stage of recession than the UK. As such, there is value to be obtained from looking at the strategies taken by hotel chains in the US. In particular, Ricca (2008) considers the strategy of the Wyndham Hotel Group, which intends to improve its marketing in order to boost its performance, as well as looking to improve its inventory management and service levels. In addition, the chain will look to boost the use of its loyalty program, helping to grow the company’s brand identity as well as to drive revenue higher in the short term (Ricca, 2008). Another useful study from the literature comes from Barsky and Nash (2008) who reveal that higher end and luxury hotels tend to perform better during a recession when compared to other classes of hotel. This implies that the four stars may be able to improve their performance by aiming to become more exclu sive. In addition, Barsky and Nash (2008) argue that hotel should not aim to cut back on prices and services in a recession, but instead they should aggressively market themselves and focus on customer service, in order to be more competitive than others in the market. Further to this, a major study by O’Neill and Mattila (2006) found that the net operating margin of a hotel tends to be driven most strongly by its average occupancy level, and that the average price per room was less significant. However, this study also showed that the market segment in which the hotel operated; the hotel’s age; any affiliation to a major brand; and a hotel’s size and location also had strong effects on financial performance. This is based on data from the last slowdown in the hotel industry, in 2002, when global terrorism and the dot com crash saw many hotels in trouble. The hotels which performed best in that year were the ones which focused on driving strong occupancy, rather than looking to cut back in size or expenditure. However, O’Neill and Mattila’s (2006) study shows that the mid range hotels were the ones which suffered most in the last slowdown. Looking at the current economic context, Lloyd-Jones (2008) argues that the current state of the economy, combined with the general consensus amongst analysts that a recession is quite likely, means that hotels need to start preparing now. As such, Lloyd-Jones (2008) recommends that property managers should look to use the full range of their marketing strategy, right across the 7Ps, to achieve the most profitable balance between occupancy levels and room rates. Proposed Methodology Unfortunately, given the uncertain nature of the economy, and the fact that no one can accurately predict the nature and severity of any potential recession, it is difficult to be prescriptive about the ideal strategy for a hotel to take to mitigate the effects of said recession. As such, this piece will arguably need to take an approach more in line with contingency theory, where it can make specific recommendations based on the circumstances of individual hotels. This implies that the main methodology should be to use interviews with hotels who are preparing for a potential downturn, as well as those with experience at surviving previous downturns. By determining what strategies, if any, the most successful chains are using to overcome a potential recession, it should be possible to develop a detailed typology of the potential strategic choices hotels can make to deal with economic downturns, and the circumstances in which each strategy is most appropriate. In order to give this typology academic value, it should be firmly based in an existing academic framework. The framework chosen for this paper is the ‘7Ps’ extended marketing mix. The 7Ps are based on the 4Ps introduced by McCarthy (1960): Product, Price, Promotion and Place. However, the 7Ps extends this to include another three factors. Whilst there is some debate over what these factors should actually be, with various writers proposing People, Processes, Physical Layout, Provision of Service, and Physical Evidence; this piece will focus on the three determined by Booms and Bitners: People, Processes and Physical Layout (Kotler and Keller, 2005). This 7P framework will be used to construct the typology, and also to drive the interviews. The interviews will be semi structured interviews, conducted with some senior members of staff from a wide selection of four star hotels throughout the UK. Semi structured interviews have been chosen because they will allow the interviewer to investigate the desired range of topics, whilst also giving the interviewee the chance to provide additional details or to clarify certain points. The main themes for the semi structured interview will be: To determine whether the interviewee has worked at a hotel during a previous recession and the steps they took to overcome that recession. To determine what steps, if any, have been taken to prepare for a potential coming UK recession. To determine the extent to which these steps are marketing focused. To determine which of the 7Ps the interviewee deems most important in using marketing to overcome the effects of a recession. Research Strategy and Resources Required In order to fully ground the typology in the theoretical framework, it will be necessary to obtain a full understanding of the 7Ps framework and its application to hotel marketing. This will be achieved via a complete review of the literature around marketing and the hotel industry. As such, it will be necessary to spend a significant amount of time using libraries and online resources to review a wide range of literature on the subject. This research should also involve a detailed study of the literature around the effects of a recession on consumer demand, and strategies which businesses in general can use to handle a recession. This will be of use in helping to validate the potential strategies which emerge from the interviews, and generally in helping to direct the interviews. Ideally, the interviews will all be conducted via the telephone. This will save on travel costs and time, as well as making the process run smoother. Initially, a large number of four star hotels, around fifty, will be contacted by phone or e-mail, to enquire about the possibility of interviewing senior staff. This will hopefully allow for at least ten interviews with senior staff members across the UK. Once agreement has been obtained, the relevant staff members will be contacted to arrange an appropriate time, and length of time, for the interview. It is expected that this will simply require a telephone and a quiet room where the interviewer is unlikely to be disturbed. A recording device will also be useful, to help with transcribing the interviews later. As the data will be mainly qualitative, there will be little need for any statistical analysis tools, and an appropriate research paradigm will be selected as needed. All interviewees will be informed that the interview is being recorded, but all respondents will be guaranteed complete anonymity. References Barsky, J. and Nash, L. (2008) Are luxury hotels recession-proof? Hotel Motel Management; Vol. 223, Issue 10, p. 14. Campaign (2008) Creativity wont lose its value, even in recession. Campaign; Issue 16, p. 20. Financial Management (2008) UK FDs braced for downturn. Financial Management; June 2008, p. 6. Lloyd-Jones, A. R. (2008) The Prognosis for Hotel Occupancy and Average Rate in a Slowing Economy. Real Estate Finance Journal; Vol. 24, Issue 1, p. 29-33. McCarthy E. J. (1960) Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach. Homewood IL: Irwin. ONeill, J. W. and Mattila, A. S. (2006) Strategic Hotel Development and Positioning. Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly; Vol. 47, Issue 2, p. 146-154. Ricca, S. (2008) Wyndham: Recession strategies in place. Hotel Motel Management; Vol. 223, Issue 10, p. 1-62.

Female Direction of Shakespeares As You Like It Essays -- Shakespeare

Female Direction of As You Like It      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In As You Like It, Jaques states that "All the world's a stage,/ And all the men and women in it merely players./ They have they're exits and their entrances,/ And one man in his time plays many parts" (II, vii, 138-141). That very well might be true. But if life is a stage traditionally controlled by a man, what parts does that leave for the women of the world? The female answer to this question is that if you don't like your part, change it, and if you don't like the direction, follow someone else. And that is exactly what all-female Shakespeare does. It explores roles for women, roles that women don't traditionally get to play. All-female productions of Shakespeare, as well as female-directed Shakespeare, differ from tradition productions. Female-centered shows tend to revolve around the idea that gender matters, but it does not matter any more than age, politics, socio-economic concerns, or any other defining characteristics found in any given person. Female dire ctors tend to want to stretch the meaning in Shakespeare's plays, be radical, new, and expansive. Female directors gravitate toward a conception of the show filled with characters that happen to be specific genders, not gendered people who happen to be individuals. This makes the theme of the play revolve more around relationships and not around gender stereotypes and a confirmation of traditional gender constructs. Clearly, gender does matter to female directors. However, gender is only another means of adding dimension to a character. For female directors, the characters' relationships are more important than their gender, and it is through the exploration of gender that these directors seek to push limits and expand bo... ...st At Theatre 3." Greenwich Village Gazette. Available online: http://www.judithshakespeare.org/main_reviews.htm Merritt, Erin. Personal Interview. November 6, 2002, via email. Neely, Carol Thomas. Lovesickness, Gender, and Subjectivity: Twelfth Night and As You Like It. A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare. Blackwell Publishers. 2000. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. The Norton Shakespeare. W.W.Norton & Company, Inc. 1997. Turner, Jeff. As You Like It. On-stage Studies, Vol. 19. University of Colorado. 1996. Werner, Sarah. Shakespeare and Feminist Performance. Routledge. New York. 2001. Woman's Will Website. Brochure. Available Online: http://www.womanswill.org/brochure.html Zell, Allison Eve. "Measure for Measure: Sexual Downplay." TheatreMania.com. Available Online: http://www.malialoke.com/gwen/natalie/index.php?x=article_misc01.php

Prince Sports

Prince Market Analysis As the sport continues to experience growth due to the younger interest, Prince has created its own death warrant because it fails to see how it can create a positive and lasting strong hold in a market that has seen a recent upswing. One of the things that sticks out the most to me was the amount of time it took for Prince to realize its superior position in the niche market of tennis and other racket designated sports, I can’t grasp the idea that Prince was not already a major contender in the market.As the sports world is going through a makeover with sport phenoms seeking commercial backing, Prince has assured itself through social networking and sponsorship of young talented athletes is a way to snare young and upcoming players, pro or not. But, this very same issue can be seen as a down fall as well, to either the competitor or Prince. If Prince misses one or two up and coming players, no harm; but potentially missing out on millions in sales would devastate a younger company, a younger company must be spot on in their choices.Every match, win or lose, the player is getting recognition from the media, never a down side to branding unless the athlete does not become the star once thought possible; get them while they are young and you will create a devoted consumer (fan). In my opinion, Prince failed to protect itself when they entered into the arena of hosting minor events. I feel this is their biggest mistake.By doing so the competition should be able to see that doing the very same thing and co-branding with accessorizing services and or products can create a dent in the growth Prince would have seen from their own venues. Reason being, Prince is only one company while there are millions of up and coming stars that are looking for the backing of a corporate sponsor that stands behind its product’s with stellar customer service and an unwavering and resilient front in research that pushes the game to the next level.Th is is the only saving factor that Prince can rely on to push back the low end producers of equipment and apparel. But, a company with the ability to create and research new methods of manufacturing, innovative and out of the box designing (product and advertising), would create not only a sizeable but growing market saturation by merely addressing the latter. A new and upcoming player is a walking billboard, that when touched with social media and any airtime, frenzy can ensue for the product line and or services sponsoring the young athlete.A young and new exciting player that has a bankable and commercial attitude can spawn millions in sales for the company that sponsored them prior to athletic stardom. This is where Prince failed to cover their†¦well let’s just say door! As a new and upcoming player seeks to lay waste to the competition and seek to better their own bottom line through securing ad time for a bevy of products that may or may not have anything to do with tennis. The competition has done two things by always being at the beckoning call of the up and coming billboard, I mean star.The most important thing, the branding of their product, each and every time a camera shot is taken at a competition, or an interview on ESPN after a match, the competition has assured itself a front row seat into the pockets of player’s novice and professional. Second, by assuring co-branding and sponsorship, a two prong social media attack can be placed on the efforts to grow market share and sustainability created by a dual marketing campaign lodged against Prince by the competitor and fellow co-sponsor of the athlete.Co-sponsorship and branding however also limits the exposure a company could have in backing a new and upcoming athlete. By splitting the cost needed to sponsor an athlete I would only assume the money could be positioned to assist in other areas of concern such as research or ad time. This is where Prince failed to see itself, which I see as a flaw in their approach to assure continued growth, even if a new competitor copied their same exact plan. The competitor would fail because Prince would have all or some of the major accessorizing companies already on board.Again, this would also assist with in-house needs for cash that could be pooled for other pressing issues. But even with this idea in place, Prince would have to reshape their departments to assist those that would need the authority to make decisions on the spot with good information without the input of groups that may slow the process. A new competitor would already have thought of because it would need to be nimble and quick to decide (with good information) when creating co-marketing agreements and scouting new talent.Any competitor can see that the grass root approach to introducing, researching, collaborating, and a well-executed marketing plan can easily remove Prince as a Juggernaut in the tennis arena. Prince left the back door open in anothe r arena as well. Social media is not a proprietary component and can cease to exist overnight if the public is no longer interested in it. This is where I think Prince left the door open and could be the second reason they fail to maintain growth. Having access to the needs and wants of a customer is the winning factor that all companies seek to gorge themselves on.A competitor would merely need to address the customer in a variety of ways. With the growth of the smartphone being the comparison of a personal computer and seen as a personal device like a toothbrush. A competitor merely needs to create a social platform that allows the consumer to be a part of the company through beta testing, questionnaires, sweepstakes, and other client building venues that assures growth for all involved because of the co-sponsoring and branding approach to introduce services and products; trending at its finest without the need to specialize.A competitor merely would have to create a smartphone ap plication and its own social media web based portal that can be reached via a plug-in to the most widely used social media networks. Novice to professional players would be a great form of information needed to create or improve a better product with little to no amount spent in collating ideas needed to assure sustainability and new growth as they carve into the juggernauts once strong hold on a growing sport.I do see however an avenue that could assure Prince an edge with the current dilemma which it faces; but it also comes with a problem. The problem; the window of opportunity is based upon accepting an outside infusion of creativity by creating a major annual event. Doing so would create more than what they currently have because of the vendors and or bigger companies that would want to be invited or pay for a chance to main stream their idea and or company at the annual event.I would assume that a bigger opportunity would be created as the media and social media networks for t he rights to air the event. It is my personal belief that Prince has become a sloth, slow and predictable. Its advantageous growth was due to an influx of new consumers, Price’s timing and position made it the lead in a once slow and dwindling sport. Prince’s obvious and monolithic stance does not provide it the nimble agility that an aggressive and blood thirsty competitor has when trying to grasp a growing market share that can dwindle away just as fast as it came.

A critical study on the contributions of sir henry maine

Whereas Savings and his followers invoke history in the name of tradition, custom and nation against the belief n conscious and rational law making, the second movement, which one might call philosophical histories, develops a definite legal philosophy from the evolution of history. L The exponents of the historical school of Jurisprudence take social institution in their sequence with primacy to primitive legal institutions of society. Thus the school does not attach importance to relation of law to the state but gives primacy to the social institutions in which the law develops itself.While the analytical school pre-supposes the existence of a well developed legal system, the historical school concentrates on the evolution of law from the primitive legal institutions of the ancient communities. The task of Historical school is to deal with the general principles governing the origin and development of law and with the influences that affect the law. The 19th century analytical posi tivism pioneered by Austin, Hart and Keelson in England described law as a coercive command issued by the sovereign devoid of moral or cultural values.They regards law as a creation of arbitrary creation whose sanctions are not embedded in its historical past but emanate from the state authority. It treats law as a command of the state which the subjects are bound to obey, the disobedience of which would lead to penal consequences. The revolutionary ideas generated by positivistic legal thinking had a 1 Legal theory by W. Friedman, fifth edition, page no. 209, universal law publishing Co. Ltd. , New Delhi devastating effect as they failed to meet the needs of the people.Consequently, it led to the emergence of new approach to the study of Jurisprudence based on history and historic conception of law. Historical Jurists banished ethical considerations from resurgence and rejected all creative participation of Judge and Jurist or law-giver in the making of law. They propounded the vie w that all universal ideal principles of by historical study. Frederick Pollock, one of the ardent supporters of historical school firmly believed that morals, as such were out of the domain of Judge or Jurist. It is, however, a different matter that even customs immemorial should not be opposed to morality.Vic in ItalyÃ'› Nonentities in France, Burke in England and Hugo and Herder in Germany heralded a new era in the development of legal theory and viewed law as legacy of the past and product of customs, traditions and beliefs prevalent in different communities. The historical Jurists believe that law has biological growth and it has not evolved in an arbitrary and erratic manner. According to Sir Henry Maine, Nonentities (1689-1755) was the first Jurist who adopted historical method of pursuing the study of legal institutions and came to the conclusion that â€Å"laws are the creation of climate and local situations†.He did not probe further into the relationship between law and society but pointed out that law must keep pace with the changing needs of the society. Four Stages of Development of Law The supporters of historical school of Jurisprudence have traced the evolution and development of law through four major stages. They are as follows:l . Divine Law- In the beginning law originated from Themes, which meant the Goddess of Justice. It was generally believed that while pronouncing the Judgments the King was acting under the divine inspiration of goddess of Justice.Themes were the awards pronounced by the Goddess of Justice (Themes) to be executed by the King as a custodian of Justice under the divine inspiration. Thus the King was merely the executor of Judgment of God. The dooms of Anglo-Saxons pertain to this category of segments or commands. 2. Customary Law- Next, the recurring application of Judgments led to uniform, practice which crystallized into customary law to be followed in the primitive societies. The importance of customs as a s ource of law has been underlined by Sir Henry Maine when he observed that ‘custom is to society what law is to state'. . Priestly class as a sole representative of customary law In the next stage of development of law, the authority of the King to enforce and execute law was usurped by the priestly class who claimed themselves to be learned in law as well as religion. The priestly class memorized the rule of customary law cause the art of writing had not developed till then. They applied and enforced the customary law. 4. Codification – The era of codification marks the fourth and perhaps the last stage of development of law.With the discovery of the art of writing, a class of learned men and Jurists came forward to denounce the authority of priests as law- givers. They advocated codification of law to make it accessible and easily knowable. This broke the monopoly of priestly class in matters of administration of law. The ancient Hindu code of Mann, Hebrew Code, Solon' s Attic Code, Twelve Tables in Rome, the codes of Hamburg etc. Re some of the examples of such law codes. Anthropological investigations into the nature of primitive and undeveloped systems of law are of modern origin and might be regarded as a product of the Historical school.Pride of place will here be accorded to Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888), who was the first and still remains the greatest representative of the Historical movement in England. It is not easy to place Amine's contributions to the theory of law. He began his work with mass of material already published on the history and development of Roman law by the German historical school, and he was able to build upon that and also to bring to bear a more balanced view of history than is found in Savings. Maine however went further. He was learned in English, Roman, and Hindu laws and also had the knowledge of Celtic systems.In this respect he parts company with the German historians. Instead of stressing the uniqueness of nat ional institutions, he brought to bear a scientific urge to unify, classify and generalize the evolution of different legal orders. 2 Comparative method of study for the purpose of a project on law was found useful by the scholars of Historical school. The scope for comparative approach to study of law as immensely widened with the advances in legal literacy and exchange of legal knowledge between various countries.To quote an illustration, the 42nd report (1971) of the Law Commission of India on the reforms in the Indian Penal Code drew heavily on the comparative material from several continental countries such as US criminal law and other sources. The material available for comparative study of law may vary in form and include Code, law books, reports of law reform agencies and so son. The jurists made a comparative study of legal institutions of various communities to trace the evolution and development of law. They applied comparative method in the study of law with the object o f enabling the legal philosophers to construct 2 Jurisprudence by R.W. S. Aids, fourth edition, page no. 532,533;Buttonholer & Co. , publishers Ltd. 1976 abstract theories of law or to assist the historian in tracing the origins and developments of legal concepts and institutions. The distinguishing feature of this comparison was that it did not consist of mere description of differences which existed between the concepts, rules, or institutions of the law under examination, but also probed more deeply into the matter with a definite purpose in view. This helped considerably in unification of divergent laws.Thus the supporters of comparative method of law did not believe in mere compilation of information about concepts, rules, etc. But they also tried to analyses the variations in the existing laws within and outside the country in order to reform their legal system. Sir Henry Maine is considered to be the fore-runner of this approach of law. 3 It is Sir Henry Amine's work which st ands out as the most important and fruitful application of comparative legal research to a legal theory inspired by the principles of historical evolution. Approaches to the study of law, and history in particular, which was destined to bear abundant fruit in the years to come. 5 Studies on Jurisprudence and legal theory, by Dry. N. V. Appearance; page no. 39, fifth edition, central law agency publication Legal theory by W. Friedman, fifth edition, page no. 214, Universal law publishing Co. , Ltd. New Delhi 5 Jurisprudence by R. W. S. Aids, fourth edition, page no. 533 SIR HENRY MAINE (1822-1888) Sir Henry James Sumner Maine born on August 15, 1822 at Roxbury in Scotland, took his education in the University of Cambridge and Joined as professor of Civil Law in that University in 1847.While professor of law at the University of Cambridge (1847-1854), Maine also began lecturing on Roman law at the Inns of Court, London. These lectures became the basis of his â€Å"Ancient law: It's c onnection with the Early History of Society, and it's relation to Modern Ideas (1861)†, which influenced both political theory and Anthropology, the latter primarily because of Amine's controversial views on Primitive law. To trace and define his concepts, he drew on Roman law, Western and Eastern European legal systems, Indian law, and Primitive law.Although some of his statements were modified for invalidated later research- Ancient law is noted for its general lack of reference to authorities and its failure to cite supporting evidence for its conclusions- his study helped to place comparative jurisprudence on a sound historical footing. A member of the Council of the Governor General of India (1863-1869), as a successor of Lord Macaulay, Maine was largely responsible for the codification of Indian law. He studied ancient law of India and drew a comparison between the Indian law and the laws of western societies.In 1869 he became the first professor of Comparative Jurisprud ence in the University of Oxford and he occupied the chair till 1877. Thereafter, he held the distinguished post of the Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge until shortly before his death in 1888. Among other works of Maine, his books entitled Village Communities', lectures on the ‘Early history of Institutions' (1875), a sequel to his ancient Law, ‘Dissertation on Early Law and Custom' deserve special mention. Maine was the recipient of remarkable number of honors, medals and distinction. His contributions to historical jurisprudence are so great that he is labeled as ‘Social Darwinist' for he envisaged a social order wherein the individual is finally liberated from the feudalistic primitive Onondaga. Amine's Views on Development of Law One peculiar feature of historical method in the context of study of law is that it is not confined to pure law. Even though the material directly under study may be legal, the factual material that comes to light may transcend the ex clusive legal field. It is so, because social and legal factors cannot always be reduced to water tight compartments.Any appraisal of the precise reason for a particular law necessitates special attention to the effect of relevant social, physical, demographic and ideological variables. This view finds supports in the writings of Sir Henry Maine who lived that historical research served as a useful tool to make the present more understandable. Sir Henry Maine, through his comparative researches came to a conclusion that the development of law and other social institutions has been more or less an identical pattern in almost all the ancient societies belonging to Hindu, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Hebrew and Germanic communities.Most of these communities are founded on patriarchal pattern wherein the eldest male parent called Pater familial dominated the entire family including all its male and female members, children and slaves as also the property. The word of the Pater familial was law t o them, which they were supposed to follow. There were, however, some communities which followed matriarchal pattern in which the eldest female of the family was the central authority to manage all the affairs of the family.It is because of his kinship, namely bold relationship with the family that a person acquired status. Thus the law of person was to be determined on the basis of his status. In ancient societies, the slave, servant, ward, wife, citizen etc. All symbolized statuses which the law recognized in the interest of the community. According to Maine, Pater-familiar constituted the lowest unit of primitive communities. A few families taken together formed the Family-Group which consisted of union of families.An aggregation of families constituted Gene which in turn led to the formation of tribes. A collection of tribes formed the community which Maine termed as commonwealth. It was in this manner that the early primitive societies evolved, their relation being regulated by the law of status which was also called as law of persons. Obviously, the individual member of the family had no individual existence than his status as a son, wife, servant etc. s the case may be. Similarly, servants and slaves had no rights in the early law.LaWs Development through Legal Equity and According to Henry Maine, when a primitive law is embodied in a Code, there is an end o its spontaneous development and such communities are static societies. Therefore, if certain changes are desired in the law, they have to be effected deliberately with the conscious desire of development. The societies which continue development of law in this manner are called progressive societies by Maine. There are three methods by which the progressive societies develop their laws. They are (1) Legal Fictions, (2) equity, and (3) Legislation. 1 .Legal Fictions – Legal Fictions change the law according to the changing needs of the society without, however, making change in the letter of l aw, Maine defines ‘legal fiction' as â€Å"any assumption conceals or effects to conceal the fact that a rule of law has undergone alteration, its letter remaining unchanged, its operation being modified†. According to Sir Henry Maine, fiction is a device to extend new rules to old situations, to new circumstances with a minimum of intellectual effect. In his opinion, a legal fiction is a very useful agency of development of law to suit intricate and nutty situations.A legal fiction pre-supposes certain assumptions made on the basis of which the law assumes certain things to exist which do not exist in reality and thus adopts itself to new circumstances. 2. Equity – Equity consists of those principles which appeal to the conscience of human being. These principles were invoked to remove the defects existing in the common law in England. The rigidity of common laws Judges forced people to approach the King for Justice. The King entrusted the task of administration of Justice to the Chancellor who was also the head of the Exchequer.Though not learned in law, the Chancellor helped in the administration of civil Justice through principles of justice, equity and good conscience. In Rome, similar functions were performed by Praetor who tried to remedy the deficiencies in the existing civil law. Thus Henry Maine defines Equity as, â€Å"a body of rules existing side by side of the original common law, founded on distinct principles and claiming incidentally to supersede the common law by virtue of a superior sanctity inherent in those principles†.In course of time, equity became a system of law which reached maturity and impoliteness and finally the Judicature Act, 1873 amalgamated the common law courts and the chancery courts (I. E. Equity courts) in the High Court of Justice and it was provided that in case of conflict or variance between the law of equity and the common law, the rules of equity were to prevail. The property legislation o f 1925 in England cause Equity to go a second transformation as it brought about a complete fusion of the systems of common law and equity into one integrated system of law.The origin of Equity law can be traced back to the 13th century when traditional hat time suffered from three main defects, namely, (1) absence of remedy in certain cases; (2) inadequacy of remedy; and (3) excessive formalism. These defects were sought to be removed by three Jurisdiction by equity law namely, (1) Exclusive Jurisdiction, (2) Concurrent Jurisdiction, and (3) Auxiliary Jurisdiction of equity. The origin of the concept of trust, appointment of receiver to administer property of the deceased etc. Ell under exclusive Jurisdiction which provided relief to divorced women and protected the rights of inheritance of the children of the deceased person for which there was no remedy available under the common law. The remedies of the specific performance of contract, injunction etc. Came under the concurrent Jurisdiction of equity law which provided relief in matters where, a relief though available under common law, was inadequate. The examination of witnesses on commission set off (I. E. Settling different claims of same parties to litigation in a single suit) etc. Re some of the instances of auxiliary jurisdiction of equity which sought to mitigate the rigors and rigidity of common law due to complexity of procedure. Thus it is evidently clear that equity came to supplement the common law and not to supersede it. 3. Legislation – Legislation is the most effective method of law-making. It is considered to be the most systematic and direct method of introducing reforms through new laws. The power of the legislature to make laws has been widely accepted by the courts and the people all over the world.Legislation is the most powerful instrument of legal reform, and so great is its superiority over other methods of evolution of law that the tendency of 1 1 advancing civilization is to acknowledge its exclusive claim, and to discard the other sources as relics of infancy of law. 7 Movement of Progressive Societies from Status to Contract With the march of time the institution of Pater-families withered away and now rights and obligations were dependent on individual contracts and free negotiations between persons.This led to disintegration of the family system and emergence of contractual relation between individuals. In other words, now the individual could take final decisions himself without depending on the head man of the family. The Banishment doctrine of Individual freedom freed slaves from the bondage of their master and now they could have rights and obligations like any other person. Thus emerged a free society with freedom of individual in various spheres of life.The freedom of individual in economic field has been called as doctrine of laissez fairer which struck a blow to the notion of status as the basis of law. These changes in the pattern of so cieties led Sir Henry Maine to conclude that ‘movement of progressive societies has hitherto been from status to contract'. In India also emancipation of women from the domination f males, freedom available to individuals in social, economic, and political spheres of life, improvement on the condition of labor and workers etc. Evinces that there has been a shift of emphasis from status to contract in modern times.The transformation of English as well as Indian society from feudalistic pattern of individualistic set up, has brought in its wake a radical change in the status of servants, agricultural workers etc. The incapacitates of Hindus in codification of Hindu personal laws in 1955-56. 8 Reversal of Trend from contract to status It must, however, be stated that with the advance of time and due the impact of industrialization, arbitration and modernization, new problems of poverty, unemployment, hunger, ignorance, disease etc. , have cropped 7 Studies in Jurisprudence and le gal theory by Dry. N. V. Appearance, page no. 0 to 44, fifth edition, central law agency publication In modified Hindu law Kart of the family who was the eldest male member of the family, dominated his authority but the codification of Hindu law has done away with the discrimination, inequality and subjugation of women liberating them from the domination of men. The new concepts of liberty, equality, freedom and individualism symbolize movement of progressive Indian society from status to contact. Up giving rise to inequality between individuals and group within society. Consequently, there came a counter current of reversal from contract to status in the life time of Maine himself.It was realized that the idea of freedom of contract between powerful capitalist and starving labor class led to catastrophic consequences resulting in exploitation of workers. This led to the emergence of Trade Unionism. The workers now formed their associations and instead of individual freedom of barga ining their wages and facilities, their Trade Unions had the power of group bargaining. That apart, several labor welfare legislation such as the Minimum Wages Act, Factories Act, Trade Unions Act, Workmen's Compensation Act, Employees Liability Act, Industrial Disputes Act, Payment of Bonus Act, Bonded Labor (abolition)Act, Contract Labor (Regulation) Act, etc. Have been enacted to improve the service conditions and bargaining capacity of workers in order to free them from the unscrupulous industrialists and capitalists. With the increasing role of the state in a welfare state, it has assumed the functions of a regulator to secure a social order based on Justice, equality, liberty and fraternity. These progressive welfare measures have forced upon the individual worker a new kind of status where he does not bargain individually but does so collectively through associations or unions.Commenting on this reversal from interact to status, the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court in P arka's cotton mill Ltd. V. State of Bombay, interracial remarked: â€Å"We must not forget that we are no longer living in the age of laissez fairer and the relation between employer and employees are no longer solely governed by the principles of contract. Contractual rights and liabilities are now subject to the principles of industrial law and also principles of social Justice. † With the changing role of the states, its functions have also radically changed. Now there is greater interference of the state in the individual's activities. Even the